Boeing Company Essay

1.2) Boeing Company is the largest manufacturer of commercial aircraft in the United States and is a major employer in Seattle, Washington. Explain why each of the following individuals or organizations would be interested in financial information about the company. a. California Public Employees Retirement System. One of the world’s largest pension funds. They would be interested in Boeing’s financials to see how much the company contributes to their employee’s 401K plans. b. Chinese Airlines, a rapidly growing airline serving the Pacific Rim. Seeing the amount of sales that Boeing has, shows the reliability in their product through increased sales numbers. c. Henry James, a real estate investor considering building apartments in the Seattle area. Increased sales would mean the hiring rate would rise to meet workflow demands. This would be valuable because employees would need to relocate and would be looking for housing. d. Boeing’s management Reviewing the company’s financials allows the management to see where their losing or gaining money. It also allows them to assess in what areas they could possibly make investments. e. International Aerospace Machinists, a labor union representing many Boeing employees. This organization would find interest in their financials to make sure that the compensation of the employees is fair. In most cases when a union is involved, there is a percentage of compensation that has been agreed upon. 1.7) Financial accounting (i) Management accounting (h) Financial reporting (g) Financial statements (f) General-purpose assumption (b) Integrity (c ) Internal control (e) Public accounting (d) Bookkeeping (a) 2.3A Goldstar Communications was organized on December 1 of the current year and had the following account balances at December 31, listed in tabular form: Early in January, the following transactions were carried out by Goldstar Communications: 1. Sold capital stock to owners for $35,000. 2. Purchased land and a small office building for a total price of $90,000, of which $35,000 was the value of the land and $55,000 was the value of the building. Paid $22,500 in cash and signed a note payable for the remaining $67,500. 3. Bought several computer systems on credit for $9,500 (30-day open account). 4. Obtained a loan from Capital Bank in the amount of $20,000. Signed a note payable. 5. Paid the $28,250 account payable due as of December 31. Instructions a. List the December 31 balances of assets, liabilities, and owners’ equity in tabular form as shown. b. Record the effects of each of the five transactions in the format illustrated in Exhibit 2–11 . Show the totals for all columns after each transaction.

Communication Memo

|To: |Dana Donnley, Director of Employee Communication. | |From: |Rey, Employee Communication Manager. | |Date: |March, 8th 2013. | |Ref: |Confidential: Employee Communication Strategy | | |Proposal for the Whirlpool Corporation Employee | | |Wellness Program. | | | | . Background. Whirlpool Corporation (hereinafter the â€Å"Company†) is facing financial problems, and therefore has decided to lower the insurance benefits expenses of its employees. As stated in the Bain & Company’s memorandum dated February 28th 2013, there is a direct correlation between the amount of money spent by the Company on insurance benefits and their wellness. Not only that, but also having healthier employees boosts their productiveness.As a consequence, the Company has included within its Human Resources strategy to offer and persuade its employees (and their spouses) to get in the headquarters a free mini-physical test, denominated the Employee Wellness Program, whereby the height, weight, blood pressure, and vital signs of the employees are measured (the â€Å"EWP†). This means only a routine exam that tests various bodily functions and reflexes, giving as an aftermath a diagnostic of the employee’s general condition.As a result of such test several diseases can be detected in their early stages, giving the employee the advantage of an early treatment, and the company its savings on insurance benefits payments. Whirlpool Corporation is heavily Unionized as a consequence of a responsible leadership of its authorities. 2. Query. You have consulted me in order to draw and structure strategy that the Company should carry out in order to communicate the employees the aforementioned EWP. 3. Response:We propose a multistep strategy that takes fully advantage of the prestige of the Company’s Union, and involves it directly to inform and persuade employees to perform the medical test. Also, main concerns should be specifically addressed, such as the confi dential matter of the information, its propose, and the fact that taking the medical test is voluntary. 4. Foundations of the Response: From a Human Resources standpoint the EWP should be managed carefully to avoid that the employees (and the Union) get confused regarding the real intention of it. In general terms, the communication should be simple, forceful and straightforward.However, some issues should be specially addressed, in order to avoid confusions. These are: 1. The Test is Voluntary. It should be pointed out that the medical test is voluntary, since employees could otherwise interpret it as a coercive measure by the Company. 2. Scope and Benefits of the Test. The communication should also explain the scope of the test, so the employees are sure what to expect when they take it. Also its benefits should be mentioned. 3. Confidentiality of the Information. In spite of being arguments against it[1], I am convinced that this point should be specifically addressed in the comm unication.There should not be doubt about it within the workforce. Also, a mention to the Professional Secrecy legal obligation should be done to reinforce the Company’s commitment to respect it. Hence, the only person to get the result of the test is the employee itself (therefore the Company does not get the information). 4. Use and Propose of the Information. It should also be pointed out that the only purpose of making such medical test is to get a diagnostic of the employee’s general condition for his own benefit and use. . Meeting with the Union. I believe that the Union’s prestige within the vast majority of the employees should be taken advantage of. Therefore, Union leaders should be called for a meeting and deeply informed about the EWP. In such meeting, special emphasis should be given in order to highlight the medical benefits for the employees that the EWP could have. Also, the Company should argue therein, that the only purpose of the meeting is to inform the Union and address its doubts and concerns. 6. Role of the Union.Having performed an informative meeting with the Union, I assume that it will have a very active role informing employees without any request from the Company whatsoever. In fact, for many employees, the Union has more credibility than management. Hence, by involving the Union with the communication, it will be the primary source of calm for many of the employees. In addition, it could advise employees of any legal consequence of a misuse of such information by the Company, which would have strong costs for it (could be considered an abusive dismissal). 7. The Test is Free.This should be explicit within the communication. 8. Spouses of Employees. As stated above, the EWP also includes the spouses of employees. However, in the communication to be delivered, no reference should be made in such regard, since it could be interpreted as intrusive. Therefore, only for those who accept taking the test a verbal exte nsion of the invitation should be performed to their spouses. 9. Formality of the Communication. I advise you to communicate the EWP to the employees via e-mail, since by communicating it by a more formal mean would only give this issue more significance that it has. 10. Further Details.It also should be address specifically that if anyone has any doubt or wants further information about the medical test, should contact either someone at the Human Resources department or at the Union. 11. Other Factors Taken into Consideration. Intimate employee information and its use are of critical importance to maintain an excellent employee-employer relationship. Not only that, but also their productivity is at risk if the message is misunderstood or the information is misused. In that regard, the confidence that the Company has built over the years with its employees can be destroyed in days, if the situation is not managed properly.I remain at your disposal for any further information that yo u may deem necessary. Yours truly, Rey. Employee Communication Manager. ———————– [1] It could be argued that by specifically addressing that the information will remain confidential could provoke a concern on employees, that otherwise would not be concerned. Nevertheless, we doubt that this would be the situation in the majority of the cases. We are convinced that most of the employees would be concerned about the topic, if a commitment of the Company declaring that information confidential were not made.

Monopoly and marginal cost Essay

Practice Questions and Answers from Lesson III-3: Monopoly Practice Questions and Answers from Lesson III-3: Monopoly The following questions practice these skills: ? Explain the sources of market power. ? Apply the quantity and price affects on revenue of any movement along a demand curve. ? Find the profit maximizing quantity and price of a single-price monopolist. ? Compute deadweight loss from a single-price monopolist. ? Compute marginal revenue. ? Define the efficiency of P = MC. ? Find the profit-maximizing quantity and price of a perfect-price-discriminating monopolist. ? Find the profit-maximizing quantity and price of an imperfect-price-discriminating monopolist. Question: Each of the following firms possesses market power. Explain its source. a. Merck, the producer of the patented cholesterol-lowering drug Zetia b. Chiquita, a supplier of bananas and owner of most banana plantations c. The Walt Disney Company, the creators of Mickey Mouse Answer to Question: a. Merck has a patent for Zetia. This is an example of a government-created barrier to entry, which gives Merck market power. b. Chiquita controls most banana plantations. Control over a scarce resource gives Chiquita market power. c. The Walt Disney Company has the copyright over animations featuring Mickey Mouse. This Is another example of a government-created barrier to entry that gives the Walt Disney Company market power. Question: Skyscraper City has a subway system, for which a one-way fare is $1. 50. There is pressure on the mayor to reduce the fee by one-third, to $1. 00. The mayor is dismayed, thinking that this will mean Skyscraper City is losing one-third of its revenue from sales of subway tickets. The mayor’s economic adviser reminds her that she is focusing only on the price effect and ignoring the quantity effect. Explain why the mayor’s estimate of a one-third loss of revenue is likely to be an overestimate. Illustrate with a diagram. Answer to Question: A reduction in fares from $1. 50 to $1. 00 will reduce the revenue on each ticket that is currently sold by one-third; this Is the price effect. But a reduction in price will lead to more tickets being sold at the lower price of $1. 00, which creates additional revenue; this is the quantity effect. The price effect is the loss of revenue on all the currently sold tickets. The quantity effect is the increase in revenue from increased sales as a result of the lower price. Question: Consider an industry with the demand curve (D) and marginal cost curve (MC) shown in the accompanying diagram. There is no fixed cost. If the industry is a single-price monopoly, the monopolist’s marginal revenue curve would be MR. Answer the following questions by naming the appropriate points or areas. Practice Questions and Answers from Lesson III-3: Monopoly a. If the industry is perfectly competitive, what will be the total quantity produced? At what price? b. Which area reflects consumer surplus under perfect competition? c. If the industry is a single-price monopoly, what quantity will the monopolist produce? Which price will it charge? d. Which area reflects the single-price monopolist’s profit? e. Which area reflects consumer surplus under single-price monopoly? f. Which area reflects the deadweight loss to society from single-price monopoly? g. If the monopolist can price-discriminate perfectly, what quantity will the perfectly price-discriminating monopolist produce? Answer to Question: a. In a perfectly competitive industry, each firm maximizes profit by producing the quantity at which price equals marginal cost. That is, all firms together produce a quantity S, corresponding to point R, where the marginal cost curve crosses the demand curve. Price will be equal to marginal cost, E. b. Consumer surplus is the area under the demand curve and above price. In part a, we saw that the perfectly competitive price is E. Consumer surplus in perfect competition is therefore the triangle ARE. c. A single-price monopolist produces the quantity at which marginal cost equals marginal revenue, that is, quantity I. Accordingly, the monopolist charges price B, the highest price it can charge if it wants to sell quantity I. d. The single-price monopolist’s profit per unit is the difference between price and the average total cost. Since there is no fixed cost and the marginal cost is constant (each unit costs the same to produce), the marginal cost is the same as the average total cost. That is, profit per unit is the distance BE. Since the monopolist sells I units, its profit is BE times I, or the rectangle BEHF. e. Consumer surplus is the area under the demand curve and above the price. In part c, we saw that the monopoly price is B. Consumer surplus in monopoly is therefore the triangle AFB. f. Deadweight loss is the surplus that would have been available (either to consumers or producers) under perfect competition but that is lost when there is a single-price monopolist. It is the triangle FRH. g. If a monopolist can price-discriminate perfectly, it will sell the first unit at price A, the second unit at a slightly lower price, and so forth. That is, it will extract from each consumer just that consumer’s willingness to pay, as indicated by the demand curve. It will sell S units, because for the last unit, it can just make a consumer pay a price of E (equal to its marginal cost), and that just covers its marginal cost of producing that last unit. For any further units, it could not make any consumer pay more than its marginal cost, and it therefore stops selling units at quantity S. Practice Questions and Answers from Lesson III-3: Monopoly Question: Bob, Bill, Ben, and Brad Baxter have just made a documentary movie about their basketball team. They are thinking about making the movie available for download on the Internet, and they can act as a single-price monopolist if they choose to. Each time the movie is downloaded, their Internet service provider charges them a fee of $4. The Baxter brothers are arguing about which price to charge customers per download. The accompanying table shows the demand schedule for their film. Price of download Quantity of downloads demanded $10 0 $8 1 $6 3 $4 6 $2 10 $0 15 a. Calculate the total revenue and the marginal revenue per download. b. Bob is proud of the film and wants as many people as possible to download it. Which price would he choose? How many downloads would be sold? c. Bill wants as much total revenue as possible. Which price would he choose? How many downloads would be sold? d. Ben wants to maximize profit. Which price would he choose? How many downloads would be sold? e. Brad wants to charge the efficient price. Which price would he choose? How many downloads would be sold? Answer to Question: a. The accompanying table calculates total revenue (TR) and marginal revenue (MR). Recall that marginal revenue is the additional revenue per unit of output Price of download Quantity of downloads TR MR demanded $10 0 $0 $8 1 $8 $8 $6 3 $18 $5 $4 6 $24 $2 $2 10 $20 $-1 $0 15 $0 $-4 b. Bob would charge $0. At that price, there would be 15 downloads, the largest quantity they can sell. c. Bill would charge $4. At that price, total revenue is greatest ($24). At that price, there would be 6 downloads. d. Ben would charge $6. At that price, there would be 3 downloads. For any more downloads, marginal revenue would be below marginal cost, and so further downloads would lose the Baxters’ money.e. Brad would charge $4. A price equal to marginal cost is efficient. At that price, there would be 6 downloads. Practice Questions and Answers from Lesson III-3: Monopoly Question: Suppose that De Beers is a single-price monopolist in the market for diamonds. De Beers has five potential customers: Raquel, Jackie, Joan, Mia, and Sophia. Each of these customers will buy at most one diamond—and only if the price is just equal to, or lower than, her willingness to pay. Raquel’s willingness to pay is $400; Jackie’s, $300; Joan’s, $200; Mia’s, $100; and Sophia’s, $0. De Beers’s marginal cost per diamond is $100. This leads to the demand schedule for diamonds shown in the accompanying table. Price of Diamond Quantity of Diamonds Demanded $500 0 $400 1 $300 2 $200 3 $100 4 $0 5 a. Calculate De Beers’s total revenue and its marginal revenue. From your calculation, draw the demand curve and the marginal revenue curve. b. Explain why De Beers faces a downward-sloping demand curve. c. Explain why the marginal revenue from an additional diamond sale is less than the price of the diamond. d. Suppose De Beers currently charges $200 for its diamonds. If it lowers the price to $100, how large is the price effect? How large is the quantity effect? e. Add the marginal cost curve to your diagram from part a and determine which quantity maximizes De Beers’s profit and which price De Beers will charge. Answer to Question: a. Total revenue (TR) and marginal revenue (MR) are given in the accompanying table. Price of Diamond Quantity of Diamonds TR Demanded $500 0 $0 $400 1 $400 $300 2 $600 $200 3 $600 $100 4 $400 $0 5 $0 MR $400 $200 $0 -$200 -$400 The accompanying diagram illustrates De Beers’s demand curve and marginal revenue (MR) curve. b. De Beers is the only producer of diamonds, so its demand curve is the market demand curve. And the market demand curve slopes downward: the lower the price, the more customers will buy diamonds. c. If De Beers lowers the price sufficiently to sell one more diamond, it earns extra revenue equal to the Practice Questions and Answers from Lesson III-3: Monopoly price of that one extra diamond. This is the quantity effect of lowering the price. But there is also a price effect: lowering the price means that De Beers also has to lower the price on all other diamonds, and that lowers its revenue. So the marginal revenue of selling an additional diamond is less than the price at which the additional diamond can be sold. d. If the price is $200, then De Beers sells to Raquel, Jackie, and Joan. If it lowers the price to $100, it will also sell a diamond to Mia. The price effect is that De Beers loses $100 (the amount by which it lowered the price) each from selling to Raquel, Jackie, and Joan. So the price effect lowers De Beers’s revenue by 3 ? $100 = $300. The quantity effect is that De Beers sells one more diamond (to Mia), at $100. So the quantity effect is to raise De Beers’s revenue by $100. e. The marginal cost (MC) curve is constant at $100, as shown in the diagram. Marginal revenue equals marginal cost at a quantity of 2 diamonds. So De Beers will sell 2 diamonds at a price of $300 each. Question: Use the demand schedule for diamonds given in the previous question. The marginal cost of producing diamonds is constant at $100. There is no fixed cost. a. If De Beers charges the monopoly price, how large is the individual consumer surplus that each buyer experiences? Calculate total consumer surplus by summing the individual consumer surpluses. How large is producer surplus? Suppose that upstart Russian and Asian producers enter the market and the market becomes perfectly competitive. b. What is the perfectly competitive price? What quantity will be sold in this perfectly competitive market? c. At the competitive price and quantity, how large is the consumer surplus that each buyer experiences? How large is total consumer surplus? How large is producer surplus? d. Compare your answer to part c to your answer to part a. How large is the deadweight loss associated with monopoly in this case? Answer to Question: a. The monopoly price is $300. At that price Raquel and Jackie buy diamonds. Raquel’s consumer surplus is $400 ? $300 = $100; Jackie’s is $300 ? $300 = $0. So total consumer surplus is $100 + $0 = $100. Producer surplus is $300 ? $100 = $200 for each diamond sold; 2 ? $200 = $400. b. In a perfectly competitive market, P = MC. That is, the perfectly competitive price is $100, and at that price 4 diamonds will be sold—to Raquel, Jackie, Joan, and Mia. c. At the competitive price, Raquel’s consumer surplus is $400 ? $100 = $300; Jackie’s, $300 ? $100 = $200; Joan’s, $200 ? $100 = $100; and Mia’s, $100 ? $100 = $0. So total consumer surplus is $300 + $200 + $100 + $0 = $600. Since the price is equal to marginal cost, there is no producer surplus. d. Under perfect competition, the sum of consumer and producer surplus is $600 + $0 = $600. Under monopoly, the sum of consumer and producer surplus is $100 + $400 = $500. So the loss of surplus to society from monopoly—the deadweight loss—is $600 ? $500 = $100. Question: Use the demand schedule for diamonds given in the previous questions. De Beers is a monopolist, but it can now price-discriminate perfectly among all five of its potential customers. De Beers’s marginal cost is constant at $100. There is no fixed cost. a. If De Beers can price-discriminate perfectly, to which customers will it sell diamonds and at what prices? b. How large is each individual consumer surplus? How large is total consumer surplus? Calculate producer surplus by summing the producer surplus generated by each sale. Practice Questions and Answers from Lesson III-3: Monopoly Answer to Question: a. If De Beers can price-discriminate perfectly, it will charge each customer that customer’s willingness to pay. That is, it will charge Raquel $400, Jackie $300, Joan $200, and Mia $100. De Beers does not want to sell to Sophia since she will only buy at a price of $0, and that would be below De Beers’s marginal cost. b. Since each consumer is charged exactly her willingness to pay, there is no consumer surplus. De Beers’s producer surplus is $400 ? $100 = $300 from selling to Raquel; $300 ? $100 = $200 from selling to Jackie; $200 ? $100 = $100 from selling to Joan; $100 ? $100 = $0 from selling to Mia. So producer surplus is $300 + $200 + $100 + $0 = $600. Question: Download Records decides to release an album by the group Mary and the Little Lamb. It produces the album with no fixed cost, but the total cost of downloading an album to a CD and paying Mary her royalty is $6 per album. Download Records can act as a single-price monopolist. Its marketing division finds that the demand schedule for the album is as shown in the accompanying table. Price of album Quantity of albums demanded $22 0 $20 1,000 $18 2,000 $16 3,000 $14 4,000 $12 5,000 $10 6,000 $8 7,000 a. Calculate the total revenue and the marginal revenue per album. b. The marginal cost of producing each album is constant at $6. To maximize profit, what level of output should Download Records choose, and which price should it charge for each album? c. Mary renegotiates her contract and now needs to be paid a higher royalty per album. So the marginal cost rises to be constant at $14. To maximize profit, what level of output should Download Records now choose, and which price should it charge for each album? Answer to Question: a. Total revenue (TR) and marginal revenue per album (MR) is shown in the following table: Price of album Quantity of albums TR MR demanded $22 0 $0 $20 1,000 $20,000 $20 $18 2,000 $36,000 $16 $16 3,000 $48,000 $12 $14 4,000 $56,000 $8 $12 5,000 $60,000 $4 $10 6,000 $60,000 $0 $8 7,000 $56,000 -$4 b. If the marginal cost of each album is $6, Download Records will maximize profit by producing 4,000 albums, since for each album up to 4,000, marginal revenue is greater than marginal cost. For any further albums, marginal cost would exceed marginal revenue. Producing 4,000 albums, Download Records will charge $14 for each album. c. If the marginal cost of each album is $14, Download Records will maximize profit by producing 2,000 albums, and it will charge $18 per album. Practice Questions and Answers from Lesson III-3: Monopoly Question: The movie theater in Collegetown serves two kinds of customers: students and professors. There are 900 students and 100 professors in Collegetown. Each student’s willingness to pay for a movie ticket is $5. Each professor’s willingness to pay for a movie ticket is $10. Each will buy at most one ticket. The movie theater’s marginal cost per ticket is constant at $3, and there is no fixed cost. a. Suppose the movie theater cannot price-discriminate and needs to charge both students and professors the same price per ticket. If the movie theater charges $5, who will buy tickets and what will the movie theater’s profit be? How large is consumer surplus? b. If the movie theater charges $10, who will buy movie tickets and what will the movie theater’s profit be? How large is consumer surplus? c. Now suppose that, if it chooses to, the movie theater can price-discriminate between students and professors by requiring students to show their student ID. If the movie theater charges students $5 and professors $10, how much profit will the movie theater make? How large is consumer surplus? Answer to Question: a. If the movie theater charges $5 per ticket, both students and professors will buy tickets. The movie theater will sell to 1,000 customers (students and professors), at a price of $5 each. Since the movie theater’s cost per ticket is $3, its profit is $2 per ticket for a total profit of 1,000 ? $2 = $2,000. Students will experience no consumer surplus, but each of the 100 professors will experience consumer surplus of $10 ? $5 = $5 for a total consumer surplus of 100 ? $5 = $500. b. If the movie theater charges $10 per ticket, only professors will buy tickets. The movie theater will sell to 100 customers (professors) at a price of $10 each. Since the movie theater’s cost per ticket is $3, its profit is $7 per ticket for a total profit of 100 ? $7 = $700. Students experience no consumer surplus since they do not buy any tickets. Each of the 100 professors experiences no consumer surplus since the price is equal to their willingness to pay. So consumer surplus is $0. c. If the movie theater charges students a price of $5, it sells 900 tickets at a profit of $5 ? $3 =$2 each for a profit from selling to students of 900 ? $2 =$1,800. Charging professors $10, it sells 100 tickets at a profit of $10 ? $3 =$7 each for a profit from selling to professors of 100 ? $7 =$700. So the theater’s total profit is $1,800 + $700 =$2,500. Since each customer is charged exactly his or her willingness to pay, there is no consumer surplus. Question: A monopolist knows that in order to expand the quantity of output it produces from 8 to 9 units that it must lower the price of its output from $2 to $1. Calculate the quantity effect and the price effect. Use these results to calculate the monopolist’s marginal revenue of producing the 9th unit. The marginal cost of producing the 9th unit is positive. Is it a good idea for the monopolist to produce the 9th unit? Answer to Question: The quantity effect is $1 (the increase in total revenue from selling the 9th unit at $1). The price effect is 8 ? (? $1) =? $8 (the decrease in total revenue from having to lower the price of 8 units by $1 each). So the marginal revenue of producing the 9th unit is $1 ? $8 =? $7. Since marginal revenue is negative, producing the 9th unit is definitely not a good idea: it lowers revenue (since marginal revenue is negative), and it increases the total cost (since marginal cost is positive). So it will definitely lower profit. Instead, the monopolist should produce less output.

Challenging the Obama Health Care Legislation Research Paper

Challenging the Obama Health Care Legislation - Research Paper Example Moreover, the petitioners claim that the new Act infringes the Tenth Amendment, emphasizing that a directive that coerces people to either get a health insurance or be penalized is undemocratic and unlawful (Bandow 2011). The Congress (2010) has once declared: â€Å"By most measures, we have the best medical care system in the world† (p. 32). Yet, there are still major problems and critical issue. A significant portion of the population does not have insurance and costs are continuously increasing. Failure to get a health insurance can prevent one from gaining access to preventative care. The uninsured are given treatment when s/he becomes sick, as recognized by the defendants since health care in the United States is commonly given because of incapacity to afford medical expenses or acquire a health insurance. Yet, the acquired costs to provide medical services to the uninsured are at times remain unpaid. The costs of unpaid health care services are transferred to economic actors in the form of increased premiums and costs, which, consequently, can contribute to the continuity of the cycle and further enlarge the uninsured population (Congress 2010). The Congress approved of the PPACA against these conditions. The petitioners challenge a number of the interconnected parts of the PPACA as well. Primarily, the new Act considerably changes and enlarges the Medicaid plan. Medicaid is a joint federal-state initiative established in 1965 that supports federal subsidy to states that decide to offer health care to vulnerable and poor populations (Congress 2010). PPACA will expand the numbers of new entrants to the Medicaid rosters by widening the initiative to encompass all people under 65 years of age with a specific income percentage of the federal poverty threshold (Health Care Lawsuits 2011). Furthermore, the new Act opens the opportunity for the formation of medical benefit transactions intended to permit start-up or small businesses and individuals to control their purchasing power to acquire viable prices (Bandow 2011).  Ã‚  

Does Friedrich Nietzche say the Buffalo Story is true or not ( Based Essay

Does Friedrich Nietzche say the Buffalo Story is true or not ( Based on his idea of truth ) - Essay Example Nietzsche’s precepts can in fact be brought in directly to analyze the issues raised by O’Brien. The concept of truth remains an ambiguous one, even after centuries of introspective inspection on it from many philosophers. Friedrich Nietzsche, who scorned the abundance of European theories related to the nature of truth and reality that have come especially from England and Germany, tries to bring in some unique reflections on the topic in his essay. Defying the necessity to define truth, he rather deconstructs the concept of truth, emphasizing the deceptive, self-conceptual existence of humans and their understanding of the world. O’Brien’s attempt is to delimit his analysis of truth to war stories. He observes that â€Å"[I]n any war story, but especially a true one, it’s difficult to separate what happened from what seemed to happen. What seems to happen becomes its own happening and has to be told that way†. Recounting the death of a young soldier named Curt Lemon and the responses to it by a few other soldiers, including his best friend Bob Kile y aka Rat, and comrades Mitchell Sanders and the narrator himself. What links O’Brien’s observations on the possible narrations of a true war story with Nietzsche’s views is the skepticism that prevails. Nietzsche develops in his essay the idea of human existence and survival in relation to the concept of the deceptive nature of truth, or reality, in the time-space configuration they inhabit. It begins with a putative reference to the diminutive, momentary, insignificant nature of the place human beings inhabit in this universe, which they ironically perceive to be a gigantic, everlasting, all-consuming one. The nature of truth, when one attempts to perceive it in a hypothetical stance that transcends the here and now is a relative one, always constructed in a subjective conceptual framework. The desperate attempts of those who try to narrate a true war story have to fight with

Writing your journal Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Writing your journal - Assignment Example These determinants vary from place to place and different environments. The culture can be thought of as an iceberg model whose little part is visible but the details are hidden from those who are not experiencing the local culture on the ground. The culture can never be acquired completely unless experiences first hand. This journal is the explanation of the personal experiences of my learning of a different culture from where I lived my life. The journal follows the ODIS (observe, describe, interpret, suspend) model of analysis. I was in born in Denver, Colorado and attended George Washington High School. I have been fond of visiting different countries and localities for making research about interesting people and places. Cultural differences and ethic aberration has always been a topic of my interest. Studying and having a deep insight on the Chinese culture has always been my dream. On getting an appropriate chance I went to Beijing for seven days for an event in China Universi ty of Geosciences. I got immense exposure to the rich Chinese culture and chances to learn the minute details for the local culture about which I had been making up to my mind and opinions base upon the internet research and stories. I met different people and delegates and I saw the Chinese interactions in every walk of life. From industrial perspective to the personal life scenarios, I observed every kind of cultural themes of the Chinese people. Most of the experiences were totally new for me and many were the conformations of the past theories about which I have made up in my mind by hearing different people. I observed that most of the Chinese culture still acquires their values from the text book code of ethics of Confucianism and Taoism. People are extremely dedicated to work and there are absolutely no compromises when it comes to day to day work and professionalism, a part from it, there is a lot more entertainment in these days as far as Beijing in concerned but I heard fr om the local people that the life is much boring in different cities outside Beijing. People are acutely and drastically hospitable and we felt absolutely no discomfort while staying at different hotels. Students and other people around the city spoke and understood English and it was to my utter surprise. Food was not very good because the American food have some spics and taste whereas I found the Chinese people extra sensitive about the health and this they do not use any kind of spice and extra salt in their food. The arts and music domain is also becoming rich and there are numerous art clubs there. Xun (Ocarina-type instrument that is also an integral part in Native American cultures) and Guzhend are the integral parts of the Chinese music in the modern China. My interpretation of the observations is that the Chinese have awakened from a deep and long slumber and after the gigantic and long lasting Chinese revolution, the value and cultural sticking to the Confucianism is much stronger than before. The main reason behind the fact that Chinese people adhere to the cultural values given by their elders is that they know the gravity of the situation and perspectives which played key role in the development of modern china. As far as American culture is concerned, the culture is not much rich here because there is not specific bindings and code of ethics rather the culture is far more dynamic and dense in the subject matter. The music of America is somewhat more interesting that China and I did not like the music of China. The hospitality is the integral and primary part of the Chinese culture and my perception is that it is also because of the communism revolution and industrial richness. The Chinese managed to get vast foreign investments after the revolution and

Mental health schizophrenia Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Mental health schizophrenia - Essay Example These patients are usually confused about their medications, their discharge and their rights under the Act. The Act makes it mandatory for a patient to take his or her medication. But according to the Act the patient also has a right to know the type of medication he is on. If a patient is capable of making a sound decision and poses no threat to himself or the people around him, under the influence of a drug or medication, then that person cannot be detained as an involuntary patient. However, in most cases the patient is unaware of this fact and is forced to move into an institution. Hospitals and mental institutions are required to provide an interpreter to foreign patients who have trouble understanding English, so that when the patient’s rights are read to him he understands them properly. Most institutions are not equipped with such facilities and are the least bit bothered with what the patient understands (McCullough, 1992). Schizophrenia Schizophrenia is a mental con dition where the patient is unaware of his environment and has trouble differentiating reality from fiction. The patient also suffers from lack of appropriate emotional response. Schizophrenic patients usually have to be taken care of by someone else as they are unable to perform event the simplest of tasks. Hallucinations and losing touch with reality is one of the major symptoms of schizophrenia. Loss of speech and poor hygiene are also common in schizophrenic patients. In some extreme cases the patient loses his ability to speak and makes no interaction with anyone. Schizophrenia usually strikes a person either in their early childhood or in their early adulthood, when the person is in his late teens or early twenties. Nurse management of schizophrenia A nurse has the ability to asses a mental patient. An interview with the patient shows the nurse all the symptoms the patient possesses. No emotions and inability to conversate properly are the first signs a nurse should look for i n a schizophrenic patient. Isolation and history of attempted suicide or violence lead to the conclusion that the patient might be a danger to himself and others. The nurse should see how much knowledge does a family has regarding schizophrenia, and if they have the ability to emotionally and physically support the patient. A recent survey showed that the trend for hiring nurses to take care of schizophrenic patients is rising. The author also believes that proper education, treatment and proper coping could help reduce the burden of the care provider. Mental health nurses also help the family to learn to live with the patient through family behavioral programs that in the end would contribute positively to the health of the patient. Moreover, the study suggests that for learning the true impact that nurses can have on patients more research must be put into this topic (Macleod et al., 2008). Treatments for the two patients For anxiety disorder the common medications are beta blocke rs, antidepressants and anti-anxiety medications. The beta blockers are used to help patients control any involuntary movement that may occur. Antidepressants would help the patient cope with the depression that she feels. The antidepressants would put her mind in a state of calmness and counterbalance the effects of

Visit to the Museum of Modern Art Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Visit to the Museum of Modern Art - Essay Example The essay "Visit to the Museum of Modern Art" analyzes visit to Museum of Modern Art. The museum’s archive has a restaurant and relevant materials of explaining modern art. â€Å"The Museum of Modern Art† was an idea developed by â€Å"Abby Aldrich Rockefeller, Lillie Bliss and Mary Quinn† in 1928. At first, the museum was on the twelfth floor of Heckscher structure in Manhattan in a six-roomed gallery, and within a period of ten years, it had moved to three dissimilar locations. At first, Abby’s husband was against the idea of opening up MoMA hence refusing to offer funds to support the artwork, thus forcing the initiators to seek funds from other sources. By 1935, the museum had various artworks from different artists such as Vincent Van Gogh, which promoted it, turning it to be a success. During 1940, the museum become famous internationally after Picasso held a concert with the Art Institute of Chicago. In 1939, Nelson Rockefeller was the museumâ€℠¢s president who highly participated in the investigation and foundation of publicity, acquisition and its expansion. In 1948, David Rockefeller became the new leader of the museum. In 1997, an architect called Yoshio Taniguchi executed and designed the current museum, which re-opened in 2004. Up to date, the museum is very famous around the globe enticing many visitorsevery year hence boosting the country’s economy. It has both countrywide and global programs that oblige the public by offering them with loans, video libraries and circulating films. among others (Umland 42). Globally, many people value The Museum of Modern Art because it has rich and many assortments of modern art works representing a comprehensive and panoramic modern museum. People consider it to entail the most current Western masterpieces Worldwide. It contains over 150,000 individual art performances for various artists Worldwide. It also contains 22, 000 films together with 4 million film stills. In par ticular, the museum contains very important and famous works; for example, â€Å"the Starry Night performed by Vincent Van Gogh, The Persistence of Memory by Salvador Dali, The Dance by Henri Matisse and Love Song by Giorgio De Chirico† (Umland 47). In addition, the museum is prominent of European and American performers such as Georges Braque, Edward Hopper, David Smith and Jackson Pollock among others. The museum is famous for having the best art photography Worldwide, which were designed by Edward Steichen and John Szarkowski. They also have a good collection of movies such as the Citizen Kane and Vertigo designed under the name of â€Å"Museum of Modern Art Department of Film† (Umland 47). The museum has the architecture and design department formed in 1932 as the World’s first department of architecture and design. It contains over 28,000 architectural and design works, which includes the drawings together with a photograph. It contains the following perman ent collections, 150, 000 paintings, monuments, sketches, designs, photographs, architectural models and other design objects. It has more than 22, 000 films, videos, film stills, scripts, historical documents and scripts among others. It has a library that contains artist books and periodicals, its archives have over 2, 500 historical documents and photographs (Umland 51). I have visited different museums, but I found MoMA to be a very high-class museum because it has modern art exhibits worth paying a visit. The museum

What is Nursing Theory and why do we need it Article

What is Nursing Theory and why do we need it - Article Example It can also be a set of principles based on a subject (OAD 1980). When we put it together with the nursing field, theory is a set of ideas and principles by which a nurse determines how to view the patient and determine the best solution for the patient. However, there are a number of theories in nursing and all of them are relevant to some aspect of the nursing field and how one can make decisions. Ultimately, while these are meant to be meaningful and relevant, they must also be understood in how they affect the practice of nursing as well as aspects of nursing research, management and administration, and also in nursing education (McEwan and Wills 2010). Initially, nursing was considered more as a series of functions and tasks that were assigned initially by a doctor dictating what needed to be done to a patient, rather than a careful series of thought processes conducted by the nurse in regards to the state of the patient. As more people, usually women, became involved in nursing whether through a concentrated study of medicine, or through environmental circumstances (war), the idea of nursing became more of a career calling or profession which is now well-respected in nearly every community because of the good outcomes from what nurses do for society (McEwan and Wills 2010). It wasn’t until the 20th century that those in nursing began thinking more about the structures of the nursing profession and the principles behind how nurses operated and approached their work with patients. Hildegard Peplau was one of the first writers to publish her theory work Interpersonal Relations in Nursing in 1952. Her work was initially delayed because she was not publishing in conjunction with a medical practitioner which was standard at that time (Lakeman, 1999). This work was influenced by Harry Stack Sullivan’s theory of interpersonal relations

Swaggie Essay Example for Free

Swaggie Essay Which Italian city-state dominated the renaissance until the 15th century? Florence 2. A major difference between Italian and Northern Renaissance was that the Italian renaissance was more secular. 3. The characteristics of Italian Renaissance art are curvilinear rhythms, rich color, and detail. 4. Upper class women during the Italian Renaissance declined in status. 5. A major difference between European society in the Renaissance compared to society in the later middle ages was that the renaissance society experienced a sense of self separate and greater than their predecessors 6. Identify characteristics of the 16th century work of art, Toledo, by El Greco: showed a rejection of Renaissance ideals 7. Who was Niccolo Machiavelli and how did he believe a ruler should act? He was a civil servant of the Florentine republic and believed a ruler should be efficient in maintaining and gaining power and to not be limited my moral principles 8. An important characteristic of â€Å"new monarchs† of the late 15th and 16th centuries was their strong sense of royal authority and national purpose. 9. How does Thomas More in Utopia describe the conditions of 16th century England? Flawed social institutions/greed were responsible for human corruption 10. In the period 1450 to 1550—how would you explain the major differences between society in Renaissance Italy and the societies of France and England? France and England were more religious and the Renaissance was a development of broad social reform based on Christian ideals. Identify the following 16th century Catholic figures: [only need to know that Teresa of Avila promoted emotionalism and a personal relationship with God] 2. The ideas of Martin Luther and John Calvin were similar that: they maintained the sacraments of communion and baptism. 3. The art entitled the Passional of Christ and Antichrist reflect: the Lutheran movement rejected corrupt practices of the Roman Catholic church 4. The Council of Trent (1545-1563) is significant because it ended pluralism and absenteeism, raised the standards of the clergy, and reaffirmed Catholic practices. 5. What European ruler posed the biggest obstacle to the spread of Protestantism in the 16th century? Charles V 6. Ignatius Loyola: created Society of Jesus and helped convert much of Europe back to Catholicism 7. Discuss the doctrine of the Anglican Church under Henry VIII: the king is the head of the church, was a permanent break with Rome, dissolved English monasteries for their wealth, and was between Catholicism and Protestantism 8. Identify the results of the Treaty of Westphalia: ended conflict over religious faiths and recognized the sovereignty of German princes CHAPTER 15: EXPLORATION 1. The first European explorer to find an all-water route to India by rounding the southern tip of Africa was Vasco de Gama. 2. Given information about each of these explorers, look at those who may have been opposed to the cruel treatment of American Indians in the 16th century New World: a) Francisco pizarro- conquered Incans, and landed in Peru b) Christopher Columbus- discovered Caribbean, cruel to the natives c) Bartolome de Las Casas- Spanish missionary, wanted to end Indian slavery, started black slavery d) Tomas de Torquemada- headed Spanish Inquisition e) Philip II- not an explorer, funded the voyages  21. Identify technological innovations and advancements used in navigation during the 16th century: ship cannon, astrolabe, caravel, magnetic compass 22. What country was the first to introduce African slavery to the New World? Portugal 23. Identify some immediate causes of the Thirty Years’ War. Defenestration of Prague [act of throwing someone out a window] 24. Explain the impact of the commercial revolution had on Western European Society: more developed towns, powerful nation-states, age of competition for overseas colonies, inflation, bourgeoisie influence increased, and increase in standard of living 25. Explain the role the Dutch Republic played in trade and finance during the first half of the 17th century: started taking control of Portuguese and Spanish holdings in the New World, controlling overseas trade, and one of the largest powers in trade 26. Explain the role that Henry IV of France played in politics: ended France’s civil war and used practical compromises to solve political issues [sacrificed religion for political necessity Identify causes of the English civil war: personality of King Charles I, decline of power of the English monarchy, broadening the ship tax, clashes with Scots, and a response to threats made against Parliament 28. Explain the political theories of Jacques-Benign Bossuet: strongly believed in the divine right of kings and political absolutism 29. Identify the results of the glorious Revolution in England: bill of rights including religious freedom for Catholics, sole power of Parliament [on test: did not reject mercantilism] 30. Explain the important consequences of the Treaty of Utrecht (1713): set the limits where one power could expand and completed the decline of Spain 31. Explain the major difference between the societies of eastern and western Europe during the 17th and 18th centuries: the extent of control the nobility had over the peasantry (Eastern Europe’s peasants suffered a downward shift in rights compared to Western Europe’s peasants gaining rights). Identify and explain the role the Fredrick William the â€Å"Great Elector† had in the 1640s to 1680s: duke of Prussia—promoted trade and domestic reforms that helped turn Prussia into a European power 33, Explain some of the accomplishments of Peter the Great: a ruler that brought many Western influences to modernize Russia, increase serfdom, and developed the Baltic region of Russia 34. How did the Ottoman Empire maintain control of southeastern Europe in the 17th and 18th centuries? Forced Christian children into the military [conscription] 35. Identify some of Catherine the Great’s achievements: defeated the Ottoman Turks, gained land in Poland, abolished torture, established religious toleration, education for girls, and established the Legislative commission. 36. What was King Louis XIV’s Edict of Fontainebleau? What did it replace? Revoked the edict of Nantes and replaced the Peace of Augsburg 37. The key to economic prosperity of the Dutch Republic in the early 16th century was: religious toleration and cosmopolitan culture CHAPTER 18: ENLIGHTENMENT 38. Explain who Voltaire is and his role in politics. French enlightenment writer that promoted civil liberties such as religious toleration and was a great philosopher 39. Explain who Cardinal Richelieu is and his role in politics: reshuffled the royal council, divided France into 32 districts, executed and controlled aristocrats 40. Explain what deism is: a belief based on a more secular view of the universe 41. Isaac Newton’s Principia (1687) was very important in science because it demonstrated how the world worked though explainable, natural forces 42. Francis bacon is also an important person during the Scientific Revolution because he started the scientific method and thought to reject everything unless you could prove it 43. Vesalius is also an important person during the scientific revolution because he founded modern anatomy and wrote the most influential book on human anatomy. 44. Explain the Catholic Church’s response to Copernicus’s heliocentric theory:   the church responded slowly but generally did not support it as it was contradictory to the previous beliefs 45. Explain the Catholic Church’s response to Galileo: the Church tried him for heresy, forced him to recant, and spend the rest of his life in house arrest 46. Jean-Jacques Rousseau and his political (government) beliefs: the ruler is determined by the general will of the people (which may not be the majority) and must serve it or the people will rebel 47. Identify the â€Å"Enlightened Rulers† and the countries they ruled: Fredrick the Great- Prussia; Catherine the Great- Russia; Joseph II and Maria Theresa- Austria 48. What was the persistent foreign policy that threatened the Austrian Hapsburgs between 1525 and 1700? Turkish advances into Eastern and Central Europe CHAPTER 19: EXPANSION OF EUROPE 49. Explain some of the consequences of the agricultural revolution in the 18th century: rotation of crops 50. Explain Adam Smith’s political and economic viewpoints: he was critical of mercantilism and the government’s role in economics; he wanted a free market economy [laizee faire economics] and wanted a system of natural liberty CHAPTER 20: CHANGING LIFE OF THE PEOPLE What disease were Lady Mary Wortley Montagu and Edward Jenner able to control? Small pox 52. During the 18th century, how were children treated, or reared? [On test: middle class families became more child centered and nurturing] CHAPTER 21: FRENCH REVOLUTION AND NAPOLEON 53. Napoleon’s acceptance of the Concordat of 1801 resulted in: improved relations between the French Government and Roman Catholic Church 54. What social group was able to maintain most of its gains during the French Revolution and Napoleonic era? The peasantry 55. Explain the Tennis Court Oath. Who was involved, who was this about, and the end result. The 3 French estates were in a deadlock over a National Assembly; the 3rd estate broke off and created their own National Assembly, vowing to not disband their National Assembly until a constitution was created 56. Explain the Continental System under Napoleon Bonaparte: was meant to exclude British goods in trade but was not successful 57. Explain what French society was prior to the French Revolution: the bourgeoisie had financial wealth and power, but few legal rights because they were excluded from the other classes 58. Explain how the English Civil War and the French Revolution were similar: after the revolts, the ruling classes in power previous to the revolt returned to power afterwards 59. The most radical phase of the French Revolution occurred during the National Convention 60. What was Olympe de Gouges role during the French Revolution? Worked with women during the revolution—spokesperson for women’s rights CHAPTER 22: THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION 61. What were the conditions that allowed England to industrialize? Expanding Atlantic economy, strong position in Latin America, colonization in the Americas, involvement in slave trade 62. The following inventions were necessary for the development of the industrial Revolution.

Cache Manager to Reduce the Workload of MapReduce Framework

Cache Manager to Reduce the Workload of MapReduce Framework Provision of Cache Manager to Reduce the Workload of MapReduce Framework for Bigdata application Ms.S.Rengalakshmi,  Mr.S.Alaudeen Basha Abstract: The term big-data refers to the large-scale distributed data processing applications that operate on large amounts of data. MapReduce and Apache’s Hadoop of Google, are the essential software systems for big-data applications. A large amount of intermediate data are generated by MapReduce framework. After the completion of the task this abundant information is thrown away .So MapReduce is unable to utilize them. In this approach, we propose provision of cache manager to reduce the workload of MapReduce framework along with the idea of data filter method for big-data applications. In provision of cache manager, tasks submit their intermediate results to the cache manager. A task checks the cache manager before executing the actual computing work. A cache description scheme and a cache request and reply protocol are designed. It is expected that provision of cache manager to reduce the workload of MapReduce will improve the completion time of MapReduce jobs. Key words: big-data; MapReduce; Hadoop; Caching. I. Introduction With the evolution of information technology, enormous expanses of data have become increasingly obtainable at outstanding volumes. Amount of data being gathered today is so much that, 90% of the data in the world nowadays has been created in the last two years [1]. The Internet impart a resource for compiling extensive amounts of data, Such data have many sources including large business enterprises, social networking, social media, telecommunications, scientific activities, data from traditional sources like forms, surveys and government organizations, and research institutions [2]. The term Big Data refers to 3 v’s as volume, variety, velocity and veracity. This provides the functionalities of Apprehend, analysis, storage, sharing, transfer and visualization [3].For analyzing unstructured and structured data, Hadoop Distributed File System (HDFS) and Mapreduce paradigm provides a Parallelization and distributed processing. Huge amount data is complex and difficult to process using on-hand database management tools, desktop statistics, database management systems or traditional data processing applications and visualization packages. The traditional method in data processing had only smaller amount of data and has very slow processing [4]. A big data might be petabytes (1,024 terabytes) or exabytes (1,024 petabytes) of data composed of billions to trillions of records of millions of people—all from different sources (e.g. Web, sales, customer center for communication, social media. The data is loosely structured and most of the data are not in a complete manner and not easily accessible[5]. The challenges include capturing of data, analysis for the requirement, searching the data, sharing, storage of data and privacy violations. The trend to larger data sets is due to the additional information derivable from analysis of a single large set of data which are related to one another, as matched to distinguish smaller sets with the same total density of data, expressing correlations to be found to identify business routines[10].Scientists regularly find constraints because of large data sets in areas, including meteorology, genomics. The limitations also affect Internet search, financial transactions and information related business trends. Data sets develop in size in fraction because they are increasingly accumulated by ubiquitous information-sensing devices relating mobility. The challenge for large enterprises is determining who should own big data initiatives that straddle the entire organization. MapReduce is useful in a wide range of applications,such as distributed pattern-based searching technique, sorting in a distributed system, web link-graph reversal, Singular Value Decomposition, web access log stats, index construction in an inverted manner, document clustering , machine learning, and machine translation in statistics. Moreover, the MapReduce model has been adapted to several computing environments. Googles index of the World Wide Web is regenerated using MapReduce. Early stages of ad hoc programs that updates the index and various analyses can be executedis replaced by MapReduce. Google has moved on to technologies such as Percolator, Flume and MillWheel that provides the operation of streaming and updates instead of batch processing, to allow integrating live search results without rebuilding the complete index. Stable input data and output results of MapReduce are stored in a distributed file system. The ephemeral data is stored on local disk and retrieved by the reducers remotely. In 2001,Big data defined by industry analyst Doug Laney (currently with Gartner) as the three Vs : namevolume, velocity and variety [11]. Big data can be characterized by well-known 3Vs: the extreme density of data, the various types of data and the swiftness at which the data must be processed. II. Literature survey Minimization of execution time in data processing of MapReduce jobs has been described by Abhishek Verma, Ludmila Cherkasova, Roy H. Campbell [6]. This is to buldge their MapReduce clusters utilization to reduce their cost and to optimize the Mapreduce jobs execution on the Cluster. Subset of production workloads developed by unstructured information that consists of MapReduce jobs without dependency and the order in which these jobs are performed can have good impact on their inclusive completion time and the cluster resource utilization is recognized. Application of the classic Johnson algorithm that was meant for developing an optimal two-stage job schedule for identifying the shortest path in directed weighted graph has been allowed. Performance of the constructed schedule via unquantifiable set of simulations over a various workloads and cluster-size dependent. L. Popa, M. Budiu, Y. Yu, and M. Isard [7]: Based on append-only, partitioned datasets, many large-scale (cloud) computations will operate. In these circumstances, two incremental computation frameworks to reuse prior work in these can be shown: (1) reusing similar computations already performed on data partitions, and (2) computing just on the newly appended data and merging the new and previous results. Advantage: Similar Computation is used and partial results can be cached and reused. Machine learning algorithm on Hadoop at the core of data analysis, is described by Asha T, Shravanthi U.M, Nagashree N, Monika M [1] . Machine Learning Algorithms are recursive and sequential and the accuracy of Machine Learning Algorithms depend on size of the data where, considerable the data more accurate is the result. Reliable framework for Machine Learning is to work for bigdata has made these algorithms to disable their ability to reach the fullest possible. Machine Learning Algorithms need data to be stored in single place because of its recursive nature. MapRedure is the general and technique for parallel programming of a large class of machine learning algorithms for multicore processors. To achieve speedup in the multi-core system this is used. P. Scheuermann, G. Weikum, and P. Zabback [9] I_O parallelism can be exploited in two ways by Parallel disk systems namely inter-request and intra-request parallelism. There are some main issues in performance tuning of such systems.They are: striping and load balancing. Load balancing is performed by allocation and dynamic redistributions of the data when access patterns change. Our system uses simple but heuristics that incur only little overhead. D. Peng and F. Dabek [12] an index of the web is considered as documents can be crawled. It needs a continuous transformation of a large repository of existing documents when new documents arrive.Due to these tasks, databases do not meet the the requirements of storage or throughput of these tasks: Huge amount of data(in petabytes) can be stored by Google’s indexing system and processes billions of millions updates per day on wide number of machines. Small updates cannot be processed individually by MapReduce and other batch-processing systems because of their dependency on generating large batches for efficiency. By replacing a batch-based indexing system with an indexing system based on incremental processing using Percolator, we process the similar number of data documents averagely per day, happens during the reduction of the average age of documents in Google search which is resulted by 50%. Utilization of the big data application in Hadoop clouds is described by Weiyi Shang, Zhen Ming Jiang, Hadi Hemmati, Bram Adams, Ahmed E. Hassan, Patrick Martin[13]. To analyze huge parallel processing frameworks, Big Data Analytics Applications is used. These applications build up them using a little model of data in a pseudo-cloud environment. Afterwards, they arrange the applications in a largescale cloud situation with notably more processing organize and larger input data. Runtime analysis and debugging of such applications in the deployment stage cannot be easily addressed by usual monitoring and debugging approaches. This approach drastically reduces the verification effort when verifying the deployment of BDA Apps in the cloud. Matei Zaharia, Mosharaf Chowdhury, Michael J. Franklin, Scott Shenker, Ion Stoica [14] MapReduce and its variants have been highly successful in implementing large-scale data-intensive applications on clusters of commodity base. These systems are built around an model which is acyclic in data flow which is very less suitable for other applications. This paper focuses on one such class of applications: those that reuse a working set of data across multiple operations which is parallel. This encompasses many machine learning algorithms which are iterative. A framework cnamed Spark which ropes these applications and retains the scalability and tolerantes fault of MapReduce has been proposed. To achieve these goals, Spark introduces an abstraction called resilient distributed datasets (RDDs). An RDD is a read-only collection of objects which are partitioned across a set of machines. It can be rebuilt if a partition is lost. Spark is able to outperform Hadoop in iterative machine learning jobs and can be used to interactively query around and above 35 GB dataset with sub-second response time. This paper presents an approach cluster computing framework named Spark, which supports working sets while providing similar scalability and fault tolerance properties to MapReduce III. Proposed method An Objective of proposed System is to the underutilization of CPU processes, the growing importance of MapReduce performance and to establish an efficient data analysis framework for handling the large data Drift in the workloads from enterprise through the exploration of data handling mechanism like parallel database such as Hadoop. Figure 1: Provision of Cache Manager III.A.Provision of Dataset To Map Phase : Cache refers to the intermediate data that is produced by worker nodes/processes during the execution of a Map Reduce task. A piece of cached data is stored in a Distributed File System (DFS). The content of a cache item is described by the original data and the operations applied. A cache item is explained by a 2-tuple: Origin, Operation. The name of a file is denoted by Origin in the DFS. Linear list of available operations performed on the Origin file is denoted by Operaion. Example, consider in the word count application, each mapper node or process emits a list of word, counting tuples that record the count of each word in the file that the mapper processes. Cache manager stores this list to a file. This file becomes a cache item. Here, item refers to white-space-separated character strings. Note that the new line character is also considered as one of the whitespaces, so item precisely captures the word in a text file and item count directly corresponds to the word count operat ion performed on the data file. The input data are get selected by the user in the cloud. The input files are splitted. And then that is given as the input to the map phase. The input to the map phase are very important. These input are processed by the map phase. III.B.Analyze in Cache Manager: Mapper and reducer nodes/processes record cache items into their local storage space. On the completion of these operations , the cache items are directed towards the cache manager, which acts like an inter-mediator in the publish/subscribe model. Then recording of the description and the file name of the cache item in the DFS is performed by cache manager. The cache item should be placed on the same machine as the worker process that generates it. So data locality will be improved by this requirement. The cache manager maintains a copy of the mapping between the cache descriptions and the file names of the cache items in its main memory to accelerate queries. Permanently to avoid the data loss, it also flushes the mapping file into the disk periodically. Before beginning the processing of an input data file, the cache manager is contacted by a worker node/process. The file name and the operations are send by the worker process that it plans to apply to the file to the cache manager. Upon receiving this message, the cache manager compares it with the stored mapping data. If an exact match to a cache item is found, i.e., its origin is the same as the file name of the request and its operations are the same as the proposed operations that will be performed on the data file, then a reply containing the tentative description of the cache item is sent by the cache manager to the worker process.On receiving the tentative description,the worker node will fetch the cache item. For processing further, the worker has to send the file to the next-stage worker processes. The mapper has to inform the cache manager that it already processed the input file splits for this job. These results are then reported by the cache manager to the next phase reducers. If the cache service is not utilized by the reducers then the output in the map phase can be directly shuffled to form the input for the reducers. Otherwise, a more complex process is performed to get the required cache ite ms. If the proposed operations are different from the cache items in the manager’s records, there are situations where the origin of the cache item is the same as the requested file, and the operations of the cache item are a strict subset of the proposed operations. On applying some additional operations on the subset item, the item is obtained. This fact is the concept of a strict super set. For example, an item count operation is a strict subset operation of an item count followed by a selection operation. This fact means that if the system have a cache item for the first operation, then the selection operation can be included, that guarantees the correctness of the operation. To perform a previous operation on this new input data is troublesome in conventional MapReduce, because MapReduce does not have the tools for readily expressing such incremental operations. Either the operation has to be performed again on the new input data, or the developers of application need to manually cache the stored intermediate data and pick them up in the incremental processing. Application developers have the ability to express their intentions and operations by using cache description and to request intermediate results through the dispatching service of the cache manager.The request is transferred to the cache manager. The request is analyzed in the cache manager. If the data is present in the cache manager means then that is transferred to the map phase. If the data is not present in the cache manager means then there is no response to the map phase. IV.Conclusion Map reduce framework generates large amount of intermediate data. But, this framework is unable to use the intermediate data. This system stores the task intermediate data in the cache manager. It uses the intermediate data in the cache manager before executing the actual computing work.It can eliminate all the duplicate tasks in incremental Map Reduce jobs. V. Future work In the current system the data are not deleted at certain time period. It decreases the efficiency of the memory. The cache manager stores the intermediate files. In future, these intermediate files can be deleted based on time period will be proposed. New datasets can be saved. So the memory management of the proposed system can be highly improved. VI. References [1] Asha, T., U. M. Shravanthi, N. Nagashree, and M. Monika. Building Machine Learning Algorithms on Hadoop for Bigdata. International Journal of Engineering and Technology 3, no. 2 (2013). [2] Begoli, Edmon, and James Horey. Design Principles for Effective Knowledge Discovery from Big Data. In Software Architecture (WICSA) and European Conference on Software Architecture (ECSA), 2012 Joint Working IEEE/IFIP Conference on, pp. 215-218. IEEE, 2012. [3] Zhang, Junbo, Jian-Syuan Wong, Tianrui Li, and Yi Pan. A comparison of parallel large-scale knowledge acquisition using rough set theory ondifferent MapReduce runtime systems. International Journal of Approximate Reasoning (2013) [4] Vaidya, Madhavi. Parallel Processing of cluster by Map Reduce. International Journal of Distributed Parallel Systems 3, no. 1 (2012). [5] Apache HBase. Available at http://hbase.apache.org [6] Verma, Abhishek, Ludmila Cherkasova, and R. Campbell. Orchestrating an Ensemble of MapReduce Jobs for Minimizing Their Makespan. (2013): 1-1. [7] L. Popa, M. Budiu, Y. Yu, and M. Isard, Dryadinc:Reusing work in large-scale computations, in Proc. ofHotCloud’09, Berkeley, CA, USA, 2009 [8] T. Karagiannis, C. Gkantsidis, D. Narayanan, and A.Rowstron, Hermes: Clustering users in large-scale e-mailservices, in Proc. of SoCC ’10, New York, NY, USA, 2010. [9] P. Scheuermann, G. Weikum, and P. Zabback, Datapartitioning and load balancing in parallel disk systems,The VLDB Journal, vol. 7, no. 1, pp. 48-66, 1998. [10] Parmeshwari P. Sabnis, Chaitali A.Laulkar , â€Å"SURVEY OF MAPREDUCE OPTIMIZATION METHODS†, ISSN (Print): 2319- 2526, Volume -3, Issue -1, 2014 [11] Puneet Singh Duggal ,Sanchita Paul ,â€Å" Big Data Analysis:Challenges and Solutions†, International Conference on Cloud, Big Data and Trust 2013, Nov 13-15, RGPV [12] D. Peng and F. Dabek, Largescale incremental processingusing distributed transactions and notifications, in Proc. ofOSDI’ 2010, Berkeley, CA, USA, 2010 [13] Shvachko, Konstantin, Hairong Kuang, Sanjay Radia, and Robert Chansler. The hadoop distributed file system. In Mass Storage Systems and Technologies (MSST), 2010 IEEE 26th Symposium on, pp. 1-10. IEEE, 2010. [14] â€Å"Spark: Cluster Computing withWorking Sets â€Å"Matei Zaharia, Mosharaf Chowdhury, Michael J. Franklin, Scott Shenker, Ion Stoica University of California, Berkeley

MS Word Against WordPro :: essays research papers

MS Word WordPro Functional  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  General   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Customization 5  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Compatibility 6 Templates 7  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  User Friendly (learning curve) 6 Object Insertion 5  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Obsolesce (version wise) 7 Formatting Options (editing) 8  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Product Support 8 WordPro Customization   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  WordPro really doesn?t allow you to customize the look of the program, unlike Microsoft?s Word. About the only thing that you can customize in this program is the view. The funny part about this is that, the views that you have the options of choosing, are ones that Microsoft does not offer. Even though WordPro doesn?t offer the extensive customization that word offers you really don?t need it. WordPro offers extensive and very useful toolbars that adjust to what ever you are doing in the window. When looking at the toolbars, they are very thoughtfully laid out with only the functions that you use the most. The other advantage of the toolbars is that they are located at the top and bottom of the page, making the most amount of the room on the screen, instead of at the top of the screen, like Words default. Templates   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The extensive amount of templates that come with and that you can get for this program are amazing. There is a template for everything that you could possibly need. There are templates for Accounts Receivable bills all the way to a template to a fax coversheet followed buy the fax. Using the templates is not all that hard either. It is basically point and click, follow the direction that are there for you and are easy to understand. The best thing about the templates is that they all use a series of frames, which is very useful if you want to remove a certain section of the template, with out messing up the whole document. Object Insertion   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In this program object insertion is a little bit of a pain, you can do it, but for a person never using the program before, it will not only be frustrating, but it will also deter you from using the program. Unlike Microsoft?s Word, it is not as easy to get to. WordPro unfortunately also doesn?t support as many file types either. On the upside, once you figure out where the function is in the program, it is not all that hard to work with. Formatting Options   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In this section, WordPro is very competitive with Word. They both have the same options, like auto correct, although they may be called different names. They also have the same easy to find menus.

A Boys View of Playland :: Amusement Parks Essays

A Boy's View of Playland Most everyone enjoys an amusement park. Whether we delight in being jolted and swung by some wild ride, or enjoy the quieter pleasure of munching a candy apple while the younger ones squeal their way round and round, we feel a natural attraction for such a place. But none that I have seen as an adult, from Disneyland to Six Flags, measures up to my boyhood memories of Whitney's Playland at the Beach in San Francisco. Playland was wonderful because of the rides, the exhibits, and most of all, the people. Obviously, exciting rides are a boy's first love in an amusement park, and Playland offered almost more stimulation than I could stand. The Fun House featured a giant rolling barrel to run and tumble through, a huge flat wheel that flung riders into the wall, and a hardwood slide about four stories high. Near the Fun House was the Diving Bell, a converted Navy rescue cylinder that descended thirty feet into a shark-filled tank of seawater and exploded back up again, creating a miniature typhoon every five minutes or so. But nothing matched the Ride in the Clouds, a scarlet roller coaster whose roar and clatter were audible a block away, even over the pounding of the surf. Walter Sparks and I had to work up our courage a long time before we dared ride that one. Finally, though, we found ourselves in the second pair of seats from the front, rumbling up past the sign that said "RIDE AT YOUR OWN RISK," and watching the panorama of sky and sea. Then the coaster tipped over into a heart-stopping dive, plunging down, down, until we had knifed underground into a roaring tunnel that blasted us skyward again. The next peak offered almost as good a view as the first, if only our eyes had been open. When the ride was over we stepped shakily out, grateful to be alive and ready to brag in school on Monday. Quieter, but no less interesting, were Playland's exhibits. A favorite was the Crime Does Not Pay building, which contained grisly artifacts from man's brutal past. I would linger in the gloomy halls of

What The Human Genome Revolution Could Mean For Me And The Rio Grande V

What The Human Genome Revolution Could Mean For Me And The Rio Grande Valley The human genome revolution will have as big an impact on the average person as it does on the scientist researching it. Millions of people throughout the world will benefit from this experimentation. Understanding genetic material and the ability to pinpoint errors in genes, may lead to the prevention of many genetic diseases. The ultimate goal is to use research to develop new ways to treat, care, or even prevent the thousands of diseases that afflict humankind. Although the scientific community delivers many contributions to this scientific accomplishment, the road to a new age of disease free human life is long and rocky with struggles and disbelief. Whether inherited or resulting from the body’s response to environmental stresses, all diseases have a genetic component. The advances in this field hold an excellent future for treating and curing genetic diseases. Scientists can do this by using normal genes to supplement defective genes and to bolster immunity t o disease. In the Rio Grande Valley, an area dominated by Hispanic ancestry, many genetic diseases, such as diabetes, are common illnesses suffered by many people. According to the Mendelian Laws of Heredity, diabetes is an inherited disease, resulting from a recessive trait and affecting millions of people throughout the United States, especially people of Hispanic origins. When the body cannot make full use of some foods we eat, mainly carbohydrates of sugars and starches, a large gland under the stomach called the pancreas does not make available enough insulin to burn these foods as energy or sto... ...ent of most, if not all, human diseases.† The human genome revolution affects the Rio Grande Valley and myself because it will help to treat and prevent genetic diseases that others and I may be afflicted by. This research is important, especially to couples, because every baby born deserves a chance in life in a disease free world. The research is also significant to those who suffer from diabetes; they too deserve a life free of physical illnesses and constant medical care. In my life, I personally know and love many people that have been affected by these genetic diseases and helping them receive treatment will be the greatest gift of love I could ever offer. I know there are also many people that feel the same, because everyone has a special person in their life, a family member, friend, peer or acquaintance that will benefit from this remarkable research.

American Culture v. Nicaraguan Culture

A lot of people recognize that Nicaragua and the United States are two different countries, but they don't really know how different they truly are. The health care system, the education, lifestyle and human rights in Nicaragua are very different from the United States. Nicaragua is located in Central America and is known for having active volcanoes and sharks swimming in fresh water, but Nicaragua is also known for being the third poorest country in the world and a country who has suffered many wars, catastrophic earthquakes and devastating hurricanes.Most Nicaragua people don't live an extravagant life, some of them don't have access to healthcare, and poverty is often Nicaragua biggest enemy and an impediment towards a much brighter future. The United States is a country known for its independence, freedom and perhaps power. United States is a country where equal opportunities are respected, people can study what they like, good services are given, and everyone enjoys life with a purpose of becoming successful while achieving many personal goals.The American dream may not necessarily be fame, wealth or a avis home but a good education, access to healthcare and the freedom to practice any religion you want or none at all. In the United States there are no limitations, people can dream big, people can find their true identities without being criticized or beaten down and people don't have to pay their debts with Jail time but instead they are giving the opportunity to file bankruptcy and start all over again.The health care in Nicaragua is under-funded with many limitations, vulnerable to epidemic outbreaks, poor quality of care, staff shortages in remote clinics, difficult access to medications, under-equipped hospitals, there is lack of quality service and advance medical equipment. The hospitals are not well maintained and hygiene practices are not strictly followed so people can acquire infections or other sicknesses while at the hospital. Doctors and nurs es receive wages that barely cover their most basic necessities of life and sick people are often sent home without being able to receive treatment, see or speak to a doctor.I remember that at the age of eight I had the worst case of lice, it was so bad and so severe that I was taken to the capital located in Managua, the capitol of Nicaragua, after waiting for hours and hours at the hospital waiting area my grandmother and I never got the chance to see a doctor and end up going home. On our way home we stopped by a pharmacy and consulted the pharmacist for some treatment against lice, unfortunately the pharmacy did not have anything that my grandmother could afford since she only had 5 CORBA's which in U.S. Dollars is equal to 19 cents. At that point I understood the meaning of being hopeless and limited. The only remedy and the only option my ornamented had was to use a cockroach killer spray that nearly killed me. I am lucky to be alive but luckier to know that something like tha t will never happen in the United States and will never happen to my young children. Here in the United States if someone is sick, they are welcome in the hospital at any time and the treatments are available.Nicaragua worry about the availability of treatments and medications because most of the time they are not available or are very expensive. The reality is that since health care is limited and under-budget, the healthcare response are underpaid and sometimes they do not provide high quality, compassionate care. Advanced diagnostic methods and machines are missing in almost every hospital in Nicaragua and therefore many diseases and conditions are not properly treated and diagnosed.On the other hand, the United States offers good quality hospitals with high-quality services including proper hygiene practices and advanced medical equipment to everyone which allows proper identification of diseases; this, however, is not free. In fact, it is very expensive and those without insura nce will have a very expensive hospital bill but will receive retirement regardless. Nevertheless, there are lots of options that allow people to get treated. For example, Midi-Cal and Medicare are great programs that help individuals get proper health care.In addition, most health care personnel are well paid and therefore commit to provide a high quality care to all their patients regardless of their financial background. Like the health care system, in Nicaragua you must pay for public education, schools are not well equipped, the majority of students often bring their own chair to sit and many will struggle with homework for lack of school materials. Teachers in Nicaragua can actually hit the students if they don't do well in class and due to financial struggles many young kids will never get to experience going to school or learn how to read.This means that there is a lower possibility that they can study and earn a degree or dream of having a successful career. Even if a child is able to obtain an education in Nicaragua they may not have the good fortune to get a Job since Jobs in Nicaragua are hard to find. On the contrary in the United States, the education is free in public schools and financial aid is available if you want to attend college. If a student has the money or the help to pay for college, they can study whatever they want. Americans have the freedom to apply to any Job they want and wherever they want.I had a friend that came to the United States over 18 years ago or so, she is also from Nicaragua and can actually tell you what poverty really is. She wanted to be a dental hygienist even though her teeth were not the best looking teeth due to poor dental care in Nicaragua but that did not stopped her. When she arrived in this country she was determined to succeed and go to school. Couple of years ago Gem Toronto, my dear reined, the Nicaragua girl that barely knew how to spell graduated top of her class as a dental hygienist and her teeth l ook better than ever.She will always love Nicaragua as much as I do but will forever be grateful to be in the United Sates where her educational goals and dream came true. L, never thought I would be as lucky as Gem but my determination to learn English and my dream of being a successful paralegal I accomplished because I live in a country where dreams do come true if you work really hard. Nicaragua are not lucky in the aspects of humans' rights because it does not exist for them. Nicaragua lack freedom of expression, they have to be careful of what they say.For example, they cannot express how they feel about their president, Daniel Ortega, if they do they could be beaten or lose their Jobs. People in Nicaragua do not have a right or a saying in the decisions the president makes or the right to know where funds to build new schools or hospitals go. Instead the government steals from the poor. Even if you vote for a decent candidate to the presidency of Nicaragua the elections are c orrupt. I remember one of the former presidents in Nicaragua, Arnold Leman, was stealing o much money from Nicaragua it became so obvious that he was investigated and in deed he was.The last elections in Nicaragua were a huge scandal since Daniel Ortega was paying people for their votes. In contrast, the United States has freedom for everyone to express themselves and achieve their dream in any way as long as they are not breaking any law. Every citizen can vote for the president they like and express what they think about anyone. Also, there are no secrets about what happens in the country regarding crimes or changes or funds. News about the country or any other countries is open to everyone who likes to be informedNicaragua and the United States are countries that are so different. The health care system, the education and the human rights are the three main characteristics that a human lives by. Most services in Nicaragua are not free and they are low quality. Nicaragua do not ha ve the guarantee that they will be treated in hospitals like they should be, study what they want, or Just have any rights. The United States does provide accessible access to health care and the services are good and people have equal rights and opportunities.The best part of all about living in the United States is hat you can dream, you can be whatever you want to be, you can speak freely without fear, your opinion counts and you can thrive without limitations. I know that coming to this country was the best decision of my life. I have always dream of obtaining a degree and attend law school and I know I will succeed, Just the simple fact that I can call this country my own makes me feel determine and ready to conquer over any challenges ahead. I will forever love Nicaragua but I am forever thankful to have a beautiful life and a bright future in the United States of America.

Architectural Design of Religious Temples

Abstraction Over clip new innovations and finds have taken topographic point in conveying promotion to engineering. So the society, people, and their outlook gets adapted to the technological promotion. The things used by them acquire modified, so make their gustatory sensations. Similarly there is besides a immense alteration in the environment, architecture, the infinites they use, the type of nutrient they have, etc. Sing these alterations in the society, there is besides a immense alteration in the manner a TEMPLE ; a topographic point of worship is related to the society. Over centuries the temples’ map changed from a societal establishment to a topographic point of community assemblage, though there is no considerable alteration in its design. Is it due to imitation of the architectural signifier from one coevals to other? Does this piece of architecture Tells us about the society of this period as other pieces of architecture make? Make it still show the promotion in the engineering? Is it still run under high backing? This thesis attempts to consider upon these issues and to get on a solution on how a modern-day temple should look like. Introduction In Hinduism ‘TEMPLE’ ( mandir ) is a construction that houses the Gods ( Encyclopaedia ) . It was designed to be used as a focal point for all facets of life, viz. , spiritual, cultural, educational and societal. It helps a visitant to exceed from his universe so that he connects with the supreme authorization, the GOD. They are besides taken as topographic points of enlightenment and release. Hence the rules of planing temples were derived maintaining everything in head. Initially the temple did work the manner it was designed to be. A piece of architecture is said to reflect the clip and the type of society to which it belongs. There is a alteration in everything around us. We started populating and working in multi floor flats with glass frontages go forthing behind the huts and cottages. But a considerable alteration in temples is non witnessed. After the development of the temple typology, subsequently was merely imitation or embroidery. ‘In existent universe of architectural building, temples were built by imitation: one coevals copying the predecessor or one challenger designer, but ever with some minor alterations to maintain client involvement alive.’ ( Oijevaar, 2007 ) IMPORTANCE OF TEMPLE IN THE PAST A Temple was one time the most of import edifice in the society. It proved to be the godly power, the tallest edifice in the society. The male monarch paid backing to the building of it. It besides symbolised the power and profusion of the land. Hence, a immense land was allocated and a immense sum of money was commissioned in the building. Lot of Masons, applied scientists, sculpturers and laborers were engaged in its design and executing. The devising of a temple was a large carnival which continued over old ages depending on the hugeness of the temple. There are temples that were built over the reins of two to three dynasties. The devising of temple was besides a manner of employment in the land. DESIGN DERIVATION Temples marked the passage of the Vedic faith into Hinduism. The impression of symbolizing everything of import with a human figure and devising graven images to idolize them led to the outgrowth of a TEMPLE. Initially the typology was inspired from the Buddhist architecture. The first singular temple, the Durga Temple at Aiholi was said to be a chaitya hall with a peep on the top. The impression of ‘cave in a mountain’ was imitated by the designers of that period which led to the development of an interior sanctum or garbha griha, a topographic point where the graven image was placed. A pillared hall known as mandapa was designed in forepart of it so that people can stand and idolize. Hence the initial temple was merely a edifice made as a reproduction of a cave in a mountain with merely two suites viz. garbha griha for the graven image and a mandapa for other activities severally. These were square suites ( square taken as a sanctum form harmonizing to vastu shastra ) covered with a slab above so that the fans are non disturbed by any external elements. The illustrations of such temples are found in assorted topographic points around Karnataka ( Aihole ) which was taken as the topographic point of experimentation for temple architecture. After the development of the basic program type in Aihole, now the job emerged in giving it a proper form so that it becomes a brilliant piece of architecture so that it overpowers the society. Hence the demand of a ascendant characteristic in the edifice emerged which subsequently gave rise to a perpendicular shrine or shikara. In initial illustrations one can detect shikara merely on the garbha griha with a level roof on the mandapa but in class of clip the level roof on mandapa was besides replaced by a shikara ( smaller than that on the garbha griha ) . Slowly the priest started populating following to the temple, the school ( Veda patashala ) where younger male childs were taught Vedas besides became a map of the temple which led to the development of more figure of little suites around the temple. Besides the maps like amusement in footings of dance or/and music public presentations for God, the topographic point to feed people with the prasadam led to development of more figur e of mandapas. The temple with its mandapas, other little divinities ( by and large somehow related to the chief divinity ) , pundits’’ house, Veda patashala, temple armored combat vehicle, etc. came to be known as temple composite. Finally a immense wall was built around it to safeguard the topographic point allotted to temple with an entryway besides known as gopuram. Besides the temples were developed in a manner that it gives a ocular banquet to the visitant come ining it so that he enters into a different universe mentally. This is done by planing the insides of temple and adorning them with sculptures, pictures and letterings from assorted books like bagawadgita, Ramayana, etc. Though the development seemed to be really common all over the state, the facet of regionalism has played an of import function in the development of a temple’s design. Hence many differences have been noticed in the assorted temples of different parts. One known as the north Indian or the Nagara had a different attack of planing compared to the 1 of South Indian or the Dravidian. Still the indispensable characteristics of design viz. garbha griha, mandapa, shikara remain to be present in both the manners though they appeared otherwise. Footing: Vimana/ Prasada/ Shrine: ‘The shrine proper is termed asVimana( measured out ) in the southern context, the northern equivalent beingPrasada( castle ; literally place of the divinity ) ’ ( Hardy, 2007 ) . It contains a sanctum,garbha griha,normally square. While some early shrines seem to hold been level roofed, aNagaraorDravidashrine has a superstructure as an built-in portion. The inside of the ace construction is seldom accessible, and sometimes filled with solid and rubble. Shrines may be rectangular, apsidal, round or octangular. However thegarbha grihaby and large remains in square form, except for the rectangular shrines. Most of the programs are square or square generated giving importance to the four central waies. Generally square generated extraneous programs undergo maximal figure of projections and germinate towards a more marked cardinal accent. Garbha Griha: The interior sanctum is known asgarbha griha.Thegarbha grihais a little dark room in which the graven image is placed. Derived from the construct of ‘cave in a mountain’ .It is by and large square or derivative of square in form. Not accessible for general public, private infinite of God. Mandapa/Jagmohana: All the shrines have a porch which allows people or the god retainers to transport out their activities known asmandapa. Amandapamight be a closed one or an unfastened porch. The closedmandapasget light through the door ways. The figure of room accesss to themandapamay change from one to three. In add-on to it the thick walls ofmandapashold bright holes of rock traceries as Windowss for the visible radiation to perforate interior. Sometimes light pouches are besides given in the roof of the construction. The visible radiation entered here reflects from the floor and reaches the ceiling making a Godhead consequence inside the mandapa. Hence the ceilings are carved in most of the mandapas. Themandapaswere constructed in station and beam building merely copying the wooden architecture that existed before. The distance between the columns depended on the length of the rock which itself is dependent on the class and distance of the prey. Spans barely exceeded 2.5m. The initialmandapas( 6Thursday-7Thursdaycenturies ) had level roofs where a rock was laid out as a ceiling with a few carvings from indoors so as to make a sophisticated consequence. From 8Thursdaycentury onwards the mandapas started reflecting the shrine itself though in a relatively smaller graduated table. A cardinal bay started ruling the program which besides acts as the axis. ‘corbelled construction- the method of stepping horizontal classs increasingly frontward to cover a infinite, prevented from tumbling by the weight of masonry pressing down at the rear- developed well from the 10Thursdaycentury’ ( Hardy, 2007 ) . Pradakshina patha: The circumambulatory way one takes around the temple in a clockwise way is termed aspradakshina.Here the outside of the sanctum conveys the thought of an interior temple. For this particularly a way is built around the temple with rocks and this way is known aspradakshina patha.It is believed to be a frightened way. It is taken in clockwise way as suns way is clockwise. Natya mandapa: In ulterior clip there were a legion editions in a temple. The temple started developing more as a societal establishment ; therefore things like amusement besides became the portion of its rites. To go on these rites a different mandapa, by and large connected or a stand-alone construction in forepart of the jagmohana was built. This mandapa is known asnatya mandapa. There is a immense alteration in the manner thenatya mandapawas built when we compare fromlingarajtokonark. It has seen a immense development due to the addition of the undertaking size or backing. Bhog mandapa: Amandapawas besides designed in the later temples where people can sit and hold theprasadamof the temple. Basically they are pillared halls with attractively carved pillars where people sit and eat.Bhogsignificanceprasadamis how the name of it has been arrived. This is non normally found in big figure of temples. A characteristic nowadays in developedNagaratemples fromlingarajtopuri. It disappeared afterpuriinkonark. Gopuram: The entryway gateway of a temple is known asgopuram. It was ab initio a grade able construction, smaller than the shrine proper to tag the entryway to a temple. Over clip it evolved to be the most of import construction and hence its size increased. The tallest and the most brilliantgopuramsare seen inmeenakshitempleMadurai, where thegopuramexpressions like commanding the nature around.Gopuramsare by and large found inDravidiantemples. Coming toNagaratemples, agopuramwas found inmukteswar, but in farther development it merely disappeared. NAGARA: This typology is fundamentally defined to possess curvilineal steeples with square programs. After the experimentation of the basic design in Aihole, the farther development of this typology happened in Odisha near Bhubaneswar. Bhubaneswar became the experimentation land. The first noteworthy temple here is known asparasurameswar,a temple devoted for the GodShivabuilt in 7Thursdaycentury AD. ‘The temple has a level roofed rectangular pillared hall known asjagmohanaattached to atri-rathadeul( sanctum ) , which carried a chunky heavy- shoulderedshikara.The carvings are known for their appeal and inactive volume’ ( ASI ) . Following remark-able development is marked by the temple of mukteswara, built in 10Thursdaycentury AD with the debut of a gopuram and a boundary wall to the temple. Mukteswara is defines as ‘a dream realised in sandstone’ ( Ganguly, 1961 ) , ‘a treasure in Odishan architecture’ ( ASI ) . Elegantly decorated from top to bottom it is designed with a low heighted boundary wall and an entrywaytorana. This temple is known for its sculptural beauty and besides its archeological promotion. From the level roof over the Jagmohana it is developed into a pyramidic deul. This was achieved by little corbelling of the rocks, yet it was an achievement thought of the clip it was designed. The deul is pancha ratha on program and stands on a low platform. The peda deul ( pyramidic shikara ) has two latticed Windowss on north and South, where the outer most portion of the window depicts humourous scenes of a monkey’s life. The ceiling of jagmohana is intentionally carved in the signifier of a blown Nelumbo nucifera. The pillars of this temple are really much noteworthy. The debut of serpent pillars, alleviation figures and statuettes,gaja simhason pilasters was all new. Thetorana, known asmakara toranahas two crocodiles’ caputs both towards two different sides and their dress suits run intoing each other. The carvings of different goddess besides present on it. The cellar of the pillars back uping the arch, square in subdivision contains on each face a illumination temple flanked at the top bygaja simhas. The sixteen- sided shafts consist each of four blocks of rock of which the topmost has cringles of pearl strings hanging down from the oral cavities of row ofkritti mukhasabove. The following temple that marked a singular development is the temple of Raja- Rani. Though it went a small off in the development procedure, it still has its ain part in the development of Nagara typology. The full Shiva temples end with the name of ishwar ex. Parasurameswar, mukteswara, etc. there is a narrative behind the name of this temple. This temple was expected to be a pleasance resort for the male monarch and the queen as the graven image is losing but M.M.Ganguly justly rejects it by speaking about the absence of the stallss, out houses, etc. ‘ The name Raja-Rani has been derived from really all right grain xanthous sandstone known as Raja Rani in common parlance’ ( Ganguly, 1961 ) . Due to the missing of the divinity inside the temple, there are still confusions if the temple was dedicated to lord Shiva or Godhead Vishnu. ‘The subsequently milepost in development, the temple of Ananth Vasudev being a Vaishnavite temple and on the scrutiny ‘khura pristha’ or the upper pedestal carved as it is with the petals of Nelumbo nucifera it appears that the temple was meant for being dedicated to Vishnu’ ( Ganguly, 1961 ) . Hence there is no verification on the divinity of this temple. The torana that appeared in mukteswara was lost by the clip Raja Rani was made. There is non much difference in the program signifier. The deul is a pancha ratha program that stands on a certain pedestal. In line following is theVaishnavitetemple, the temple of Vishnu in the signifier of lord Krishna known asAnanth Vasudev. Here two newmandapashave seen to be emerged in the regular program signifier. By so the function of temple in a society has drastically increased. The more now became more of a societal establishment instead than merely a spiritual topographic point. Hence the maps like amusement, contribution, etc. have come into the temple premises increasing the graduated table of the temple and giving rise to thenatyaandBhog mandapas. All thesemandapaswere covered by a pyramidaldeul ( pida deul ), except for therekha deulon thegarbha griha.Rekha deulis tallest of all with diminishing tallness of eachdeulin order. In programLingarajtemple was really similar toAnanth Vasudevbut it is ashaivitetemple. The program signifier has evolved to the proper extent inAnanth Vasudevand as clip passed the hugeness of the temple increased.Lingarajis the most noteworthy temple all over Odisha. It stands a mid of a legion little shrines. LikeAnanth Vasudevit has a three Chamberss frontal portion consisting ofjagmohana,natya mandapaandBhog mandapa. There are clear groundss that the other threemandapasare ulterior add-on to the bing construction though there is a continuance of sculptures found. Switching from Bhubaneswar the following singular temple was built in puri normally known asJagannath mandir.For the first clip a temple was designed in the signifier of a chariot. Chariot being the vehicle of God, the temples besides have taken the signifier of a chariot. This temple has a garbha griha, jagmohana, natya and Bhog mandapas placed on a ratha. The ratha was fundamentally a raised platform with wheels carved on it. The graduated table of the temple was immense compared to Lingaraj, though the program signifier remained the same. A composite was designed for it with boundary walls and a proper entryway manner was provided. Inside the complex were legion little shrines dedicated to different Gods along with the chief shrine. Konark temple defined as the ‘black pagoda’ ( Behra, 2007 ) is situated in Konark, a topographic point near Bhubaneswar. The graduated table of the temple is really immense compared to the remainder of the edifices of that epoch. It is considered as one of the best in footings of technological promotion of that clip. Coming to the program signifier, this temples’ signifier is a small different compared to the Jagannath mandir, though it is besides designed to be a chariot. A chariot of the Sun God which had 12 braces of wheels carved out on its pedestal. Over the chariot are the garbha griha and the jagmohana. A natya mandapa remains to be a standalone construction in the composite. The complex contains other smaller shrines along with the chief shrine. All these temples represented the clip in which they were built. They represented the society, the profusion of the land, and the technological promotion of that clip which is non precisely what the temples of day-to twenty-four hours represent. Further I would wish to travel through the development in Dravidian typology, refer to the designing of temples today and there relation with society and engineering and would wish to stop with the parametric quantities required in planing a modern-day temple. Mentions Online lexicon ( hypertext transfer protocol: //www.thefreedictionary.com/Temple ) Oijevaar K.J, September 2007, The South Indian Hindu temple constructing design system on the architecture of shilpa shastra and the Dravidian manner, Delft University of engineering, Netherlands, pg.4 Karuna Sagar Behra, 1993, Temples of Orissa, Orissa sahitya academy Krishna Chandra Panigrahi, 1961, Archaeological remains at Bhubaneswar, Kitab Mahal, pg.87-101 Adam Hardy, 2007, The temple architecture of India, John Willey and Sons ltd. Britain, pg.90-105 Karuna Sagar Behra, 2005, Konark – The Black Pagoda, Publications Division, Ministry of Information & A ; Broadcasting, Government of India